European Law and International Law Relationship

1.2.6 Another Case: Air Transport of Association America (ATAA) Case 17

1.2.7. General Evaluation of Monism and Dualism18

1.3 Pluralism 21

1.3.1 In General 21

1.3.2 The General Reasons Behind the Need for Pluralism 23

1.4 International Constitutionalism 26

1.4.1 In General 26

1.4.2 Evaluation of International Constitutionalism 28

1.5 Direct Applicability and Direct Effect in the EU Legal Order 29

1.5.1 Definition and Comparison: Direct Applicability vs. Direct Effect 30

1.5.2 The Status and Rank of International Law Within the EU Legal Order 31

1.5.3. Direct Effect of International Agreements in the EU  33

1.6 General Evaluation and Result 36

2.1 Principle of Autonomy in the EU Law 45

2.2 External Autonomy of the EU Legal Order Through Case Law and CJEU’s Opinions 49

2.2.1 The Prohibition of Decisive Interpretation and Ruling on the EU Law by an Outside Judicial Mechanism 52

2.2.1.1 The Creation of an International Judicial Mechanism by an Agreement 53

2.2.1.2 Common and Identical Provisions Between the EU Law and the International Agreement to be Signed 57

2.2.1.3 Preliminary Ruling Mechanism 60

2.2.2 The Prohibition of Binding Decision of an Outside Judicial Mechanism on the Distribution of Competences Between the EU and Its the Member States 63

2.2.3 The Prohibition of Engaging Any Outside Dispute Settlement Mechanism for the Disputes Among the Member States of the EU 64

2.2.3.1 Article 344 of the TFEU 64

2.2.3.2 Achmea Case on the Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) in the EU 65

2.2.4 How is the Example That CJEU Wants? 68

2.2.4.1 Opinion 1/00 68

2.2.4.2 Opinion 1/17 on the Compatibility of the Multilateral Investment Court Mechanism with EU Law 70

2.3 European Union as a Self-Contained Regime 72

2.4 Disconnection Clauses in the EU Legal Order 77

2.4.1 In General 77

2.4.2 Opinion 1/03 (The New Lugano Convention) 79

2.5 Fragmentation of International Law 80

2.6 Interim Conclusions 83

3.1 International Organizations to Whom The EU is a Party 88

3.1.1 World Trade Organization and the EU Relationship 88

3.1.2 WTO Dispute Settlement Body Reports 89

3.1.2.1 The Legal Status and Bindingness of the WTO Dispute Settlement Reports in the EU 89

3.1.2.2 Direct Effect of the WTO in the EU Legal Order 91

3.1.2.2.1 Direct Effect of Dispute Settlement Reports 91

3.1.2.2.2 Case Law on the Direct Effect of WTO and DSB Reports 92

3.1.2.2.3 Interim Result 97

3.1.2.3 The Consistent Interpretation of the WTO in the EU Legal Order 102

3.1.2.3.1 Defining Features of the Doctrine of Consistent Interpretation 102

3.1.2.3.2 Consistent Interpretation of the WTO and DSB Reports 104

3.1.2.4 The WTO Law and DSB Reports Used in the EU Decision -Making Process107

3.1.2.5 General Evaluation 108

3.1.3 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 110

3.1.3.1 In General 110

3.1.3.2 Case Law of the CJEU on UNCLOS 111

3.1.3.2.1 Intertanko Case 111

3.1.3.2.2 Mox Plant Case 113

3.1.3.2.3 Evaluation 114

3.1.3.3 Status and Effects of the Decisions of the ITLOS in the EU 114

3.1.4 Interim Conclusions 116

3.2 International Organizations to Whom the EU is not a Party 117

3.2.1 European Convention on Human Rights 118

3.2.1.1 In General 118

3.2.1.2 The Current Status and Effects of the ECHR Judgment in the EU Legal Order 120

3.2.1.2.1 The Binding Effect of the ECtHR Judgments 121

3.2.1.2.2 Examples of Some ECHR Cases and Their Effects in the EU Legal Order 128

3.2.1.2.3 Evaluation 133

3.2.1.2.4 The Status and Effects of ECHR in Some Domestic Legal Order  134

3.2.2 The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Awards 135

3.2.2.1 In General 135

3.2.2.2 The Status and Effects of the ICSID Awards Via Some Cases 136